Short answer is no. It's a USB 2.0 port. The official USB 2.0 standard limits current draw to 0.5A, which is 2.5 watts at 5V. Some devices will ignore the standard and draw more than 0.5A if the port allows it, but fast charging is a completely different animal. Fast charging requires some smarts in the USB controller to respond to a device requesting higher output. Basically the device and the USB controller have to talk to each other and agree on the charging specs, and then charging begins once they figure it out. The USB 2.0 port in our trucks doesn't support any of that, so it just supplies the 0.5A required by the standard.
That said, if you really wanted to, you could wire up a fast charger behind the dash somewhere, and rewire the exposed USB port to it. But that's probably more trouble than it's worth, and it would be easier to just plug a fast charger into the 120V outlet and be done...
That was probably way more info than you wanted, but I'm kind of a geek, so...yeah.