I just seen this picture and your problem, and maybe you have found a solution by now. From what I can see in the picture, it looks like this is a "surface only" issue, and by that I mean it doesn't look like it has damaged the actual chrome plating, although it may have marked the clearcoat, if these wheels have clearcoat on them.
You mentioned you have already tried a good quality chrome polish, and if it didn't make any difference, the next thing I would try is "real" wheel acid, NOT the products that are available at auto parts chain stores (or at least not the stores where I live in Canada). I buy it it at a Canada wide heavy truck parts store - Parts For Trucks - but it should be available at any heavy (tractor trailer) truck parts stores, or even the OEM dealers, like Western Star, Peterbilt, International, etc. carry it here in New Brunswick, Canada.
It is usually called aluminum brightener, and used for fuel tanks, wheels, trailers, etc. It is very, very strong (like it takes your breath away, and burns your skin if you get it on you) when full strength, and you have to be careful when you use it, even when diluted as it can do some pretty severe damage if not used correctly. You will have to experiment with it as far as dilution rate goes, but it works really good.
The most important thing I find when using acid is to make sure the wheel is cool or cold, and not in direct sunlight, as acid will dry very quick. In fact if you apply it after you have driven the truck and the wheels are hot when you spray the acid on them, it will almost evaporate and bake on the surface. To cure this problem, hose the wheels off with cold water until the feel cool or even cold to the touch. This gives the product time to work before it starts to dry, and DO NOT LET ACID DRY on any surface before washing it off.
Although best to have the wheel cool to apply it, I find a hot pressure washer is the best for removing the stains after the product has had time to work.
As I said, you will have to experiment with dilution, but in the 46 years I have been cleaning and detailing vehicles, this acid is an excellent product for many problems regarding vehicles. If you have a good detail shop nearby, they should have this product and should have lots of experience in using it, and using it correctly.
Good luck