In a nutshell, they coat the MAF sensor and accumulate a coating which insulates the sensor. This insulation interferes with the sensitivity of the sensor, since it is covered with oil and particles.
MAF sensors operate at a set temperature. It stands to reason that if it is coated, it is going to take less electricity to keep it at that temperature, right? Yes, so the computer sees that as having less air flow than it actually has and mixes the fuel/air potion accordingly. So then, given those perameters, the computer also calculates what it "should" be seeing at the aft O2 sensors and trims the ratio as needed to try and make the two inputs match. When it cannot make the two match by trimming (very small adjustments) the fuel, it will throw a code. Not necessarily a MAF code. Most commonly you'll get an O2 sensor code first.
There are many other factors at play, but the point here is that you need to keep those sensors clean and dry for them to work properly.
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