He says that after treatment systems "actually take a toll on the engines themselves." But, he did not state how.
Simply put.... the EGR recirculates soot (particulate matter) back into the intake. That "can" eventually create a layer of soot on the grid heater and down into the intake itself since the engine won't burn off everything the second time through. It can also cause the variable geometry turbo to build up carbon (soot) and cause the turbo actuator to fail. That's one of the few common issues on the CTD. Knock on wood I've never had an actuator failure but I always run my exhaust brake, so my actuator is constantly working (and I do it for this very reason).
Not working the truck simply means the emissions system isn't being allowed enough time to get up to operating temps to burn off the particulate matter that gets sent into the particulate filter.
There are a few problems that the emissions systems "can" cause depending on how you drive the truck. This isn't specific to CTD though... it's industry wide.
Failed EGR cooler (clogs or cracks)
Failed DPF (eventually clogs)
Failed DEF injector (DEF crystalizes on the tip of the injector and clogs it)
Failed DEF tank heater (DEF doesn't love cold weather)
None of that actually harms the engine itself and is just a by product of being forced to run all of this emissions garbage on our trucks. My truck's emission systems all typically fail around the 120k mile marker with the way I drive it. I do tow campers, but I also daily drive it to work on the interstate 24 miles each way.
The remedy is to haul something heavy with the truck from time to time or to take it on a longer road trip where it can see full operating temps for at least 30 minutes so that it can go through a regen cycle. In my area, my fix is to delete the equipment when it fails but not everyone can do that. I only do that IF a failure occurs. I have a kit sitting in the garage in the event that mine fails. I can be back on the road in a day.
I remember when the 6.0 Powerstroke was first introduced. I was a sales rep for International and was out at a bus shop one day while a bus was going through a manual regen cycle. The exhaust pipe on the 04-07 school buses went through the rear bumper and some idiot parked his car right behind the bus. The exhaust literally melted the paint (caught it on fire) off the guy's hood. It has to get HOT to regen.