Same place as the speedo, right off the ring gear. So YES, changes to tire diameter will effect the odometer the same as it will the speedometer.
I have 35s now but have used my tuner to recalibrate. On my 2nd Gen by contrast, I ran 35s but never did recalibrate the speedo, I knew from GPS how fast I was really going in comparison to the speedo and gauged my driving accordingly. I knew I'd always at least be close enough by guestimate not to get a speeding ticket. I suspect that when I traded it in with 68k on the clock, whoever bought it from the dealer was actually getting a truck with 70k+ miles on it, LOL...