My iphone 12 pro fits even with the cover, and charges fine. The trick for me is getting it in the correct position to where it will charge. It seems to be pretty picky about placement.
Same, just for an 11 pro, with an otter box case (not one of the super heavy duty ones obviously). I found the charging rate to be reasonable for being wireless, obviously it's not going to be as fast as being hard wired but it's not unusably slow either. I think mine charged 5% in 9 minutes when I timed it a while back, something around there. Not super quick but good enough.
Seems though that this may not be consistent truck to truck. Like your experience, the only time I have an issue with getting it to charge is if it's not positioned correctly, which is an easy fix. Sounds like that isn't the case for some other owners here.
Wish I could help the original poster out, hopefully someone here can help with a solution.